@subjugation: I've been worried about this problem since I just hit 125,000+ population and have started experiencing shortages. The only reasonable solution I found was on the EA forum, via user AntoninusFW (link). I jacked up my taxes to lower demand for residential/industrial and saved up cash to build these treatment plants/pools. Its a big project that's not obvious. When I start a second city I hope to plan better.
"I think this is a really important thread and a result of some poor communication/tutorial about the water mechanics of the game. I read all three pages and would like to offer some advice for everyone, as well as dispel some recurring themes.
First, water does replenish by rain, but it's basically a worthless concept because it rains so rarely and cannot be counted on. It may delay the inevitable, but you're still going to run dry because it will never keep up.
Second, water does replenish by shores MUCH faster than rain, but in my limited experience so far even that rate does not keep up with high population demand.
Third, dirty outflow pipes puts the water back into the ground. That water does not disappear from the map, but rather SEEMS to disappear because it's now gross and polluted. Basically your map still has water, but just a different type of water.
Fourth, water treatment plants do replenish water back into the ground, but it's hard to position a water treatment plant and a water pump right next to each other to reap the benefit of it. Just because it is hard though, doesn't mean it shouldn't be done. Space is limited for everyone but if you're going for high population or mining, you need to respect this gameplay dynamic to be successful.
Fifth, I thought I remembered a dev saying that if you are buying water from a city, the supplier city will NEVER run dry. You won't log into that city and see all your water table run dry if it has been supplying the region, like, say, if that city were supplying resources that do eventually dry up even if you aren't playing that city (you'll come back to it and you'll have no ore left, for example). Keep that in mind if you decide to solve this problem by specializing in water. As long as you aren't playing that city it will never run dry. That's a pro tip, but one I think is sort of more taking advantage of goofy gameplay designing than finding a solution to a gameplay mechanic.
Some things I think people need to reconsider:
First, the game has been out for like 36 hours. No one really knows how to play it yet the best way. I'd encourage all those who are saying this is a 'bug' that needs to be patched to be a little more patient and instead see it as a challenge to overcome. Whether you like it from a gameplay perspective or not, water management in real life is super tricky and expensive. You just need to plan waaaay ahead for it an utilize the resources of the entire cluster of cities connected to yours, not just look at a region as individual cities.
Second, I still think people are playing this game like Simcity 4, where each town is self-sufficient and much more simple. There was no depleting water table there. If a water tower said 40k cubic meters of water, that's what you got forever. Try to go into this game understanding the different gameplay mechanics of this new game. A good example of this is putting outflow pipes by dirty industry because yeah, industry doesn't care and what's a little ground pollution too, right? but you're going to need that water eventually so instead place those outflows in an area you will eventually want to put your water treatment and pumping station later.
Third (and this is the last one) SLOW DOWN!!! The goal of this game is not massive population or raping the earth of all its resources. The goal is to create a long-term sustainable region. Some cities may be your population centers or mining hubs, and those cities are going to be super thirsty. But other cities may have some oil you need so you create a little oil drilling town and use all the excess water of that town to send to megatropolis. It's all a balance, but I'd encourage you all to plan in advance and not feel compelled to build megacities every time you start a new city until you know your region can support it."
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