Raymond Chandler, as @rorie mentioned, is one of the authors who is ultimately responsible for creating the type of novel you're looking for. His books and prose define how we think about noir, which although his novels are not (given that it's a cinema style), many of the films based on them are. Absolutely read his books, and as mentioned, they aren't especially long so you can burn through one over a rainy weekend.
Another author who also helped popularize hard-boiled crime is Dashiel Hammett. You'll recognize his novels, The Thin Man and The Maltese Falcon, as being genre classics in cinema, and while The Maltese Falcon is exceptionally faithful to the original, The Thin Man's cinema adaptation is lacking nearly all of the nihilism found in the story and in the main characters, Nick & Nora.
The last great author I know enough about to put in the same group as Hammett and Chandler is John M. Cain, who wrote classics like Double Indemnity (another genre-defining noir film adaptation), Mildred Pierce, and The Postman Always Rings Twice (featuring a fantastic 1960's or 70's adaptation starring Jack Nicholson), which was the basis for Camus' literature classic, The Stranger. His prose is incredible, capturing grit and disdain as spoken by the filthy characters they star, usually who are recounting it to you directly, with stunning moments of utter poetry.
A shared element among Chandler's, Hammett's, and Cain's work is there are generally no clear resolutions to the stories, and the main characters are so calloused by their work that they not only don't care, but even expected this. Great reads.
Two major authors follow in their footsteps, one of whom remains faithful to the original style and time period, and the other who advanced the genre considerably: Walter Mosley, and James Ellroy, respectively. Walter Mosley's novels, like many or all of Chandler's novels, star a single detective, Easy Rawlins, a black detective in 1940's Los Angeles. The mystery in his first novel, Devil in a Blue Dress, is of the caliber of LA Confidential, and is utterly engrossing. The characters are incredibly well written, the prose is beautiful and fun, and the racial politics are handled absolutely deftly. Most notably, Easy is a well-spoken character, but his speech pattern will notably shift when he is speaking to certain characters, as he knows they expect certain things of him as a fellow African American, and he will sometimes comment on this expectation. Really fantastic reads, and like Chandler, they are also digestible lengths.
Ellroy took the style of his predecessors, combined it with the staccato rhythm that modern writing allows (not unlike Palahniuk in some ways, minus the sass), and delivers with skill that only a master is capable of. The opening to my least favorite work of his, Killer on the Road, is one of the most captivating series of sentences I've found in a crime novel, and will always stick with me. Clandestine is a fantastic early novel that I couldn't put down about an officer in the moral grey as he comes to terms with the gravity of a case he's working on, but his later novels are the classics oft-cited. I am reading them in order of publication, personally, so I haven't reached LA Confidential (one of my top-three movies of ALL-TIME if you haven't seen it), The Black Dahlia, and so on, but I recommend him regardless considering the strength of those I have.
Lastly, Patricia Highsmith's Ripley series are fantastic, and darkly twisted. These are written from the perspective of the criminal, so the mystery is no mystery at all, and thus they rely on the strength of the characterizations. Considering Ripley is a literary character still debated to this day, I would say she succeeded. Is he amoral? Is he homosexual? Is he psychotic? While you say you don't want series, the original, The Talented Mr. Ripley, is at the very least worth exploring.
The characterizations in the books by the authors above are their strongest suits in most cases, and while the mystery elements can come to the foreground, I enjoyed them all for their writing most of all. These aren't the Dan Browns of the mystery genre, these authors are masters, so definitely check them out.
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