@imsh_pl: Its mostly a matter of reference frame. In the reference frame of the player character the molecules of his body are now moving much faster than the surrounding air and so his body will begin to heat that air. On the flip side the air is also at much lower pressure so he would he would be hit by fewer air molecules in his relative time frame which would make him lose less heat. I'd need to find the right equation to figure out whether the insulating effect of reduced pressure would counteract heat lost to his apparent increase in temperature. You are correct about heat from movement though, with the character moving so fast relative to the air he would experience much greater air resistance and that would build up a lot of heat.
You bring up a good point in reference frame comparison as well. My points above were based on the character's frame of reference, but to one of those helpless goons, the player character would suddenly quadruple in apparent temperature (absolute temperature) because the speed of his molecules is increased. So to the outside world the character goes from 299ish (neglecting body heat here) kelvin to 796 kelvin or 973 F. So completely contradicting my point above, he might also just explode in flames unless his time shifting magic also makes his body stronger.
@49th: BELLATOOOOOOOOOOOR!
There's a neat video I saw a while ago, it might have been Vsauce I'm not sure it's been a while. But they had a physicist talk about what would happen if someone threw a baseball at lightspeed. The ball would have so much kinetic energy that as soon as it touched an air molecule at speed it would result in a gigantic nuclear explosion due to fusion of the atoms.
For this analysis, I think looking form the characters frame of reference it would be like the air suddenly quadrupled in viscosity making it much harder to move and creating more heat and drag in the boundary layer around his skin.
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