@cloudenvy: Usually town has special roles that can act at night as well. Such as a detective who can choose a player to investigate once per night (by PMing the name of that player to the host) and then getting a PM back with that players alignment.
However:
1. The Detective can't simply announce his choices because then the mafia will know who he is and kill the player immediately.
2. In a game that has a cop, usually there is a "suspicious townie" role who will appear as mafia to the detective despite being town aligned. (The suspicious townie does not know they are a suspicious townie).
It comes down to determining which behaviors are indicative of a mafia alignment (which come with experience). For example, let's say the town is in a situation in a later day where there is a player(Player A) who is very obviously mafia or at least has a very good case against him. Another player (Player B) then comes up with a case on a completely different player (Player C)and encourages everyone to vote for that player instead. Upon close analysis of that persons case you find that they don't have very strong points. Maybe they are intentionally misrepresenting things that Player C had said earlier in the thread, or seem to be going out of their way to avoid commenting on the other more prominent case against Player A. That leaves a couple possibilities in my mind:
1. Player A is mafia and Player B is his teammate trying to protect him.
2. Player A is not mafia and Player B is mafia who feels pressured to put forth an original case. In his mind, this will make him seem helpful and engaged and will not appear as though he is a mafioso trying to hide behind an easy bandwagon.
3. Player A is or isn't mafia and Player B is simply a very bad townie.
What would I do as town in this case? Keep my vote on Player A. If Player A is lynched and flips "mafia", I will then strongly push the rest of the town to vote for Player B. Mafia can try to do things like intentionally defend townies to confuse the town, but the fact that the case was so bad would lead me to believe that the player has a good chance of being mafia anyway. Why would a town aligned player ignore a strong case or the discussion surrounding it to push a poorly constructed case?
One of my favorite tells is "parroting". Because mafia players communicate in secret outside of the thread (quicktopic/PM/IRC/skype/whatever they like), they will often edit eachothers posts. When you see a player starting to use specific words/phrasing that are the same as another player in the thread, I tend to assume they are mafia teammates. Certain posts have a very "pre-planned" or "edited" feel to them that are suspicious.
One very incriminating thing I came across in a game I played in was a statement like this. "Yeah, Player X is very suspicious and is probably mafia but I'm going to withhold voting for that player right now." I would immediately lynch any player that said that. If you think about it, there is absolutely no reason for a town player whose goal is to always find and lynch mafia to announce something like that.
In general, you're never going to always be right. I would say a player that gets about 70% of his guesses by Day 2/3 correct to be an extremely good mafia hunter. For players who don't like the subjective part of analyzing behavior, they can look at more objective things like voting records and the way that special roles/actions behave in the game to try to catch mafia as well.
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